The production of iron and steel necessarily requires the use of the carbon in coal to reduce iron ore. As long as coal remains indispensable as the reducing agent, the greatest measure available to the steel industries to cope with global warming is to reduce the consumption of energy, including that of coal. The smelting and refining processes, involving coke ovens, the BF, and the BOFs, generate heat and pressure, which are recoverable as steam and electric power. Representative examples of practical recovery techniques include dry quenching at coke ovens and the top-pressure recovery at blast furnaces. The former involves quenching coke with nitrogen gas instead of water, enabling the sensible heat of the high-temperature coke to be efficiently recovered and utilized for the boilers. The latter example generates electric power by driving a turbine with the pressure of the exhaust gas from the top of the BF. The sensible heat of the exhaust gas produced in the BOF is also effectively recovered by an exhaust gas boiler. Moreover, the exhaust gas is used at the rolling processes as fuel gas for the reheating furnace and the annealing furnace. One of the most effective ways to save energy involves the omission or continuation of specific operating processes. Examples are (i) the change from ingot making - slabbing to continuous casting, thereby reducing the fuel required for soaking the ingot and power for driving the slabbing mill, (ii) adoption of hot charge rolling or hot direct rolling of continuously cast slabs, thereby reducing fuel consumption for reheating, and (iii) changing from batch annealing to continuous annealing. These changes have enabled steel works to reduce their energy consumption considerably. The recovery and effective utilization of energy, as well as the omission or continuation of operating processes, will remain important issues for the steel industry of the future. In the countries where plentiful steel scrap is available, scrap based steelmaking with EAF, preferably coal based new melting furnaces in the future, contributes considerably to energy saving since the scrap route (waste recycling) does not require the energy intensive iron ore reduction process which calls for about 70 percent of total energy needed to produce steel via iron ore route with BF and BOF. This issue will be discussed later in Sections 6F and 6G. Furthermore, improving the quality and properties of steel products contributes greatly to energy saving. For instance, high strength steel sheets for automotive applications reduce fuel consumption by making it possible to decrease the weight of the car body. Steel materials widely used in machinery and equipment which are to generate or consume electricity also make an important contribution to energy saving. For example, gas turbines operate more efficiently at higher applied gas temperatures. The heat resistance of the steel materials used for the turbine blades and rotor shafts determines this gas temperature. The development of higher heat-resistant super alloys and stainless steels is therefore closely associated with increased generating efficiency. It has already been mentioned that a lower iron loss in electrical steel sheet increases power conversion efficiency. Improved corrosion resistance in weatherproof and surface-treated steels, as well as longer life in bearing steels, contribute greatly to energy saving by extending the life cycle of equipment fabricated from these materials.