The figure shows a flowchart of the integrated manufacturing process for iron and steel using the blast furnace and basic oxygen furnace (denoted BF and BOF hereinafter, respectively), which is presently the most commonly used method (51% of world steel production). After the BF-BOF process, molten steel is controlled to a target composition and temperature and is then cast by continuous casting machine to produce slabs, blooms, and billets. These castings are rolled to the required dimensions by the rolling mill to produce steel products. The smelting and refining process for iron and steel in the BF-BOF process involves the carbon reduction of iron ore (Fe2O3) in the BF to make molten iron, and decarburization of molten iron in the BOF to make molten steel. Major reducing agent in the BF is the carbon monoxide gas(CO) generated by the oxidation of the carbon(C) in coke. Consequently, carburization takes place at the same time as reduction, producing hot metal(molten iron) containing about 4% carbon. The hot metal is decarburized to the required carbon content in the BOF. The main reaction in this process is the oxidization of the carbon in the hot metal by both pure oxygen gas (O2) and iron oxide (Fe2O3). The residual oxygen, after contributing to this decarburization reaction, remains in the molten steel. This oxygen is fixed and removed by deoxidation reagents such as silicon and aluminum as SiO2 and Al2O3 or is removed as carbon monoxide gas in the subsequent vacuum degassing process. In addition to the BF-BOF process, there is another process which utilizes mainly scrap as an iron source, with some direct reduced iron whenever necessary. The direct reduced iron is produced by reducing iron ore with reformed natural gas, whose principal components are hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane. The scrap, along with direct reduced iron, is then melted in an electric arc furnace (denoted EAF hereinafter) to produce molten steel which is subsequently processed by the continuous casting machine, as mentioned above. The molten steel from the BOF and EAF is then deoxidized and alloying elements are added in the prescribed amounts. The molten steel is then held at the target temperature and continuously cast, and the castings obtained are cut to the prescribed length. After heating to the rolling temperature in a reheating furnace, these castings are hot-worked to the required products. Steel shapes, bars, and wire rods are worked on section and bar mills and wire-rod mills equipped with caliber rolls, plates are worked on reversing mills, and hot-rolled steel sheets are worked on hot strip mills. After pickling to remove scale from the surface, the hot-rolled steel sheets are worked to cold-rolled steel sheets on reversing mills or tandem rolling mills, and the cold-rolled steel sheets are tinned or galvanized as required to produce various surface-treated steel sheet products. Steel pipe is produced by forming and welding steel sheets or plates, or by piercing a billet and rolling to the final dimensions without a seam.